What type of identification is derived from target characteristics and various recognition techniques?

The correct choice is positive identification. This type of identification specifically refers to confirming a target's identity based on definitive characteristics and the application of various recognition techniques.

Positive identification is crucial in military operations to ensure that the forces engage the right targets while minimizing the risks of friendly fire or civilian casualties. It relies on comprehensive analysis, which can include visual identification, electronic signatures, and other sensor data to conclusively identify a target.

Combat identification, while related, generally encompasses a broader context and includes both positive identification and the timely recognition of targets, which may not always require the same level of certainty. Friendly force tracking pertains to the identification and location of friendly units to enhance coordination and avoid incidents during operations. Target identification focuses on recognizing and classifying targets but may not necessarily provide the definitive confirmation inherent to positive identification.

Thus, positive identification is the most appropriate option as it specifically addresses the need for definitive identification based on the characteristics and recognition techniques used in the field.